Seroprevalence and Co-Infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes Among HIV Positives
- 1 Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Nigeria
- 2 Ebonyi State University, Nigeria
- 3 Eastern Palm University, Nigeria
- 4 Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now considered a sexually transmitted disease with particular types being highly oncogenic in nature. High-risk HPV virus infection is a cause of nearly all cases of cervical cancer amongst women. This study determined the seroprevalence of HPV type-16 and type-18 among HIV positive. Blood samples were processed using ELISA test kit and PCR technique. ELISA detected HPV antibodies in 1036(4.4%) of the samples out of which 14(13.6%) and 19(18.4%) were positive for HPV type-18 and type 18 using PCR. People in the age group 51-60 years had an HPV prevalence of 41(77.41%) while those with secondary education had a prevalence of 51(81.0%). Those who did not state the number of sexual partners they had was 92(76.7%). High levels of HPV antibodies were also found among civil servants (n = 52, 50.5%), traders (n = 29, 76.3%) and widows (n = 49, 72.1%). HPV infection was highest among individuals between 41-50 years with HPV type-16 being 9(34.6%) while HPV type-18 was 11(42.3%). HPV infection (type-16) was also recorded in rural dwellers (n = 11, 14.7%) and traders (n = 7, 24.1%). However, type -18 HPV infection among rural dwellers and traders was 22.7% (n = 17) and 37.9% n = 11) respectively. HPV type-16 (n = 11, 12%) and HPV type-18 (n = 16, 17.4%) was also recorded for those that did not state the number of sexual partners they had. Our results show the presence of HPV type-16 and type18 infection among the HIV-1 positive individuals. The results show that HPV is a co-infection in HIV-1 positive individuals. We conclude that some of the major risk factors associated with HPV infection among HIV-1 positive individuals are age and occupational status. There is need to include HPV screening as one of the vital tests during HIV-1 screening since early detection of HPV helps in reducing female mortality due to cervical cancer.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajidsp.2020.27.35
Copyright: © 2020 Okoro Nworie, Euslar Onu, Ogbonnaya Ogbu, Chika Ejikeugwu, Maduka Agah, Uchenna Ekuma, Emmanuel Onu and Ifeanyichukwu Iroha. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Keywords
- Human Papillomavirus
- HIV
- Co-Morbidities
- Viral Infection
- Pathogenesis